Islam, Umayyad Caliph,' Abd al Malik, AR Dirhem, 704 AD, Wasit, Zeno-157908

Description

This coin was issued under
Umayyad Caliph 'Abd al Malik
(AH 65-86, 685-705
AD) in Islamic Empire.  It was minted in AH 85 (
704 AD
) in
Wasit City
.
Umayyad Caliphate
(AH  41-132, 661-750 AD) was
the second
of the four major caliphates.
Damascus City
was their capital.
They continued the
Muslim conquests
, incorporating the Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula into the Muslim world.  At its greatest extent,
Umayyad Caliphate
covered 11,100,000 ㎢
, making it
one of the largest empires
in history in terms of area.  The Caliphate ruled over a
vast multiethnic and multi-
cultural population
.  Christians, who still constituted a majority of the caliphate's population, and Jews were
allowed to practice their own religion
but had to pay
a head tax (the
jizya
) from which Muslims were exempt.  There was, however, the Muslim-only
zakat
tax, which was earmarked explicitly for various welfare
programｍes for the benefit of Muslims or Muslim converts only.
Abd al Malik
was the
fifth
Umayyad caliph, ruling
from 685 AD until his death, 705.
A member of the
first generation of born Muslims
, his early life in Medina
was occupied with pious pursuits.  He held administrative and military posts under Caliph
Mu'awiya I (661-680)
, founder of the Umayyad Caliphate, and his own
father, Caliph Marwan I (684-685)
.  By the time of Abd al Malik's accession, Umayyad authority had collapsed across the Caliphate as a result of the Second
Muslim Civil War and had been reconstituted in Syria and Egypt during his father's reign.
Following a failed invasion of Iraq in 686, Abd al Malik focused on securing Syria before making further attempts to
conquer the greater part of the Caliphate
from his principal rivals. His final years were marked by a domestically
peaceful and prosperous
consolidation of power. The
foundations
established by  Abd
al  Malik enabled his son and successor,
al Walid I (705-715),
who largely maintained his father's policies, to oversee the Umayyad Caliphate's territorial and
economic zenith.  Abd al Malik 's centralized government became the
prototype
of later Medieval Muslim states.
[The above explanations are quoted from Wikipedia etc.]
I will attach a public domain portrait of "
Gold
dinar, minted the Umayyads in 695.
"
The mint place, Wasit City was located at (
32.3249, 46.2537
) in google location system.  It was ruined, there are few relics.
I will attach photos of "
Gate of Sharabai school in Wasit
" from google map system and from google street view system.
Silver Dirhem.
This piece is the excellent one in my collection.
Provenance : Ex Mr. Hakim Hamidi, Great Numismatist, in California State in 2001.
Catalog number is MI-44 and Zeno-157908.
MI catalogue is "Oriental coins and their values, The World of Islam.",
written by Michael Mitchiner,
published by Hawkins Publications in London in 1977.
Zeno on line catalogue is "Zeno. Ru - Oriental Coins Database".
Size : 27 x 26 mm.      Weight : 2.76 gr
★★
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But now, unfortunately,
I can not send it with registered mail to some nations, including
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The Japan Post Authority has stipulated that the current handling of international mail to some nations,
all of the air-mail can not be treated as registered mail.
The handling is due to the paralysis of the international postal system.
I hope to restore international postal services as soon as possible.
Thank you.